Depletion of human being INO80 also impairs DNA synthesis in mammalian cells, suggesting a highly conserved part for INO80 during DNA replication91. and a chromosome segregation pathway preserves the correct quantity of chromosomes during cell division3. These pathways show crosstalk, forming a network in which disruption of one pathway prospects to engagement of the others to protect genome integrity while keeping cell homeostasis (FIG. 1). Open in a separate window Number 1 The part of the genome stability network in cell homeostasisDNA damage (shown from the lightning bolt) can generate double-strand breaks (DSBs) that are repaired by the appropriate pathway, depending on the cell cycle phase. DNA DSBs in G1 phase are preferably repaired by non-homologous end becoming a member of (NHEJ), whereas DSBs in S phase or in G2 phase are primarily repaired by homologous recombination. During S phase, replication forks that encounter DNA damage or that undergo other types of replication stress may induce DNA DSBs and/or lead to the formation of aberrant chromatin constructions between chromosomes. If they are not resolved, these aberrant constructions, which are derived from replication problems or incomplete homologous recombination, can lead to chromosome segregation failure in mitosis or to chromosomal breakage during cytokinesis. To ensure that the most appropriate response is triggered, crosstalk between the genome stability pathways is essential. In addition, the genome stability network successfully links the repair process with additional pathways that regulate cell homeostasis. Chromatin has a major part in the different genome stability pathways (as depicted from the nucleosomes in boxes). As discussed with this Review, the past few years have witnessed a flood of reports that establish a part for chromatin in each of these pathways for genome maintenance. SAR407899 HCl Chromatin structure is subject to at least three regulatory mechanisms. First, covalent histone modifications can alter the physical properties of a chromatin fibre or can regulate the binding of nonhistone Ccna2 proteins. Second, core histones can be replaced by histone variants that provide different biophysical properties to chromatin fibres, that present different opportunities for post-translational modifications or that regulate chromatin-binding partners. Third, chromatin can be remodelled by ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling enzymes, leading to changes in nucleosome positions, histone eviction or incorporation of histone variants (TABLE 1; Supplementary info S1 (table)). All of these chromatin-regulatory mechanisms have been implicated in the maintenance of genome stability. Table 1 Chromatin regulatory factors associated with genome stability pathways function. A solidus (/) shows multiple amino acid targets. So, for example, H4K5/K12 means histone H4 at lysine 5 (H4K5) and/or H4K12. Referrals for this table are provided in Supplementary info SAR407899 HCl S1 (table). ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated; ATR, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related; AURKB, aurora kinase B; CAF1, also known as CNOT7 in humans and as POP2 in candida; CBP, CREB-binding protein (also known as CREBBP); Cdc7, cell division control protein 7; Dot1, disrupter of telomere silencing protein 1; FACT complex, facilitates chromatin transcription complex; GCN5, also known as KAT2A in humans; Hat1, histone acetyltransferase 1; HDAC1, histone deacetylase 1; me, methylation; NuRD complex, nucleosome-remodelling and histone deacetylase complex; RNF8, RING finger protein 8; S, serine; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; SMARCAD1, SMARCA comprising DEAD/H package 1; SMARCAL1, SMARCA-like 1; T, threonine; TIP60, also known KAT5 in humans; ub, ubiquitylation; Y, tyrosine. Here, we discuss the SAR407899 HCl latest advances in the field of genomic integrity, focusing on SAR407899 HCl inter-connections between chromatin regulators and factors that govern genome stability pathways. As.